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| A Sketch of the Siege of Fort Schuyler [Stanwix] by L. Flury, 1838. Source: New York Public Library |
John Hare was the oldest of four brothers who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution. His four children, in their 1793 Upper Canada Land Petition, stated that their deceased father "gave the most unequivocal proofs of his Loyalty from the first Appearance of rebellious Commotions in America, by taking a decided & active part for Government." Hare served as a Indian Department officer[1] during the Revolutionary War, and was one of only seven British fatalities at the Battle of Oriskany on August 6, 1777 when a Loyalist and Indigenous force ambushed a Patriot column marching to the relief of Fort Stanwix.
John, the son of John and Mary Hare, is thought to have been born about 1735 in the vicinity of Fort Hunter in the Mohawk Valley region of New York. The earliest record of the Hare family in the Mohawk Valley is the 1739 baptism of John's sister Catherine, so John may have been born elsewhere.
During the Seven Years War, Hare served in Captain William McGinnis's company of the New York Provincials, along with his father and two of his brothers. At the Battle of Lake George on September 8, 1755, McGinnis's company and Nathaniel Folson's company of New Hampshire Provincials were dispatched from Fort Edward to reinforce Major General William Johnson's forces to the north. McGinnis and Folson encountered and captured the French baggage train, then ambushed a body of withdrawing Canadien militia and indigenous warriors. William McGinnis was mortally wounded during this engagement and command of the company passed to his brother, Robert McGinnis. Hare remained in McGinnis's company until at least May 1756. He later served as a private in Captain Harry Isaac Wendell's company of Roger's Rangers.
Hare married Margaret Davis about 1759. Their first child, Mary (Polly), was born on November 30, 1761 and was baptised at the Reformed Dutch Church of Stone Arabia. Their only son, William, was born on May 6, 1764 and was baptised at the Reformed Dutch Church of Caughnawaga. Sarah was born on 28 Feb 1766, Elizabeth was born about 1768, and Catherine was born about 1770.
Prior to the Revolutionary War, John and Margaret lived near Johnstown north of the Mohawk River. In her claim for losses submitted after the war, Margaret stated that they leased their property from William Johnson; kept cows, sheep and horses; and had two indentured servants. Johnson was the largest single landowner in the Mohawk Valley. He had founded Johnstown in 1762 and had built his Georgian style home, Johnson Hall, near Johnstown in 1763.
When Tryon County was created from Albany County in 1772, Hare was appointed Undersherriff and given responsibility for the gaol at Johnstown. In 1775, he refused to house a prisoner who had been arbitrarily arrested, and had threatened to shoot the prisoner's escort. The Tryon County Committee of Safety considered arresting Hare but voted against doing so.
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| Portrait of Sir John Johnson by John Mare, 1772, Source: Johnson Hall State Historic Park |
When the Revolutionary War began, Sir John Johnson, a staunch "Tory" and the son of Sir William, built a palisade around Johnson Hall, gathered military supplies, and secretly began recruiting from his mainly Highland Scots tenants with the intent of forming a Loyalist regiment in Tryon County. In January 1776, Major General Philip Schuyler, supported by the Albany militia, disarmed Johnson and his followers. Johnson was required to sign a parole for his future good behaviour. John and Margaret Hare had some of their provisions and household goods plundered during this incursion.
In May 1776, Schuyler ordered Johnson's arrest. Forewarned, Johnson fled to Canada, leaving his pregnant wife, Polly, and their two children behind at Johnson Hall. With him were 170 of his followers including John Hare. To evade capture the group followed Mohawk guides north through the Adirondack wilderness. After a gruelling journey of 19 days by foot and canoe, they reached the Awkwasasne settlement of Kana:takon (St. Regis) on the St Lawrence River. In a letter to his brother-in-law Daniel Claus, Johnson wrote that his men were "almost starved and wore out for want of provisions, being nine days without anything to subsist upon but wild Onions, Roots and the leaves of Beech Trees."
After a few days of rest, Johnson proceeded to the Île de Montréal, arriving on June 18, 1776, almost a month after leaving Johnstown. The following day Johnson was granted permission by Governor Guy Carleton to raise the provincial regiment known as the King's Royal Regiment of New York, also known as the Royal Yorkers.
Margaret later provided details about John's participation in Johnson's escape to Canada:
That on the 19th of May 1776 in Company with Sir John Johnson he [John Hare] left the place of his abode and came through the Wood to Canada when he was appointed Capt in the Indian Department in consequence of which he came twice from Canada to Tryon County on Government business and on the last time brought away with him to Canada upwards of Ninety Men.
After his departure with Johnson, Hare's home had been plundered by soldiers from the Continental Army's newly formed 3rd New Jersey Regiment commanded by Colonel Elias Dayton. Timber from the house was used to construct a palisade and blockhouses around the gaol, while fence railings were used as firewood.
With her claim for losses, Margaret included an inventory of the damages dated June 20, 1776, and prepared by her husband when "he was home on a scout from Canada"—only two days after Johnson had arrived at the Île de Montréal. If the date and attribution are accurate, then Johnson may have sent Hare back to the Mohawk Valley from Kana:takon before leaving for the Île de Montréal.
In March 1777, Hare and three others were dispatched by Major James Gray, Johnson's second-in-command, to gather intelligence in preparation for Lieutenant General John Burgoyne's campaign. In a letter to Governor Carleton, Gray described Hare as "a man very fit for the service and that can be much depended upon."
The 1777 Saratoga Campaign was an attempt by the British to capture Albany and gain control of the Hudson River valley. In the main thrust of the attack, 7,800 British and Hessian forces led by Burgoyne moved southward from Canada and captured Fort Ticonderoga on July 6. Burgoyne slowly continued his advance towards Albany but was ultimately forced to surrender following the Battles of Saratoga on September 19 and October 7.
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| Route of the St. Leger Expedition. Source: National Park Service |
On June 26, 1777, the day before St. Leger's expedition departed Lachine on the Île de Montréal, Daniel Claus, who had been given responsibility for the Indigenous warriors, dispatched a patrol led by Hare and Mohawk chief John Deserontyon to Fort Stanwix. Their mission was to determined the strength of the garrison and the state of the fortifications, and to take prisoners if possible. Claus had strong doubts about the accuracy of earlier intelligence that held that Fort Stanwix was undermanned and poorly maintained.
On July 3, 1777, Hare and Deserontyon's patrol encountered a work party just over a kilometre away from Fort Stanwix. Four scalps and five prisoners were taken, including an officer. One of the dead soldiers was left "shockingly butchered."
Hare and Deserontyon rendezvoused with Claus as the expedition proceeded up the St. Lawrence River towards Oswego on Lake Ontario. Claus interrogated the prisoners separately then reported to St. Leger. St. Leger, however, decided to "make little of the prisoners' intelligence" as he considered Hare, Deserontyon, and rebel prisoners" to be "dubious sources." There must have been some doubt in his mind, however, because St. Leger dispatched Hare to gather fresh intelligence. St. Leger would later write to General Burgoyne:
The accounts we received in Canada concerning Fort Stanwix were the most erroneous that can be conceived. Instead of the unsuitable and unfinished work we were taught to expect, I found it a respectable fortress strongly garrisoned with 700 men.As the expedition prepared to ascend the Oswego River to Oneida Lake, St. Leger sent Lieutenant Henry Bird of the 8th Regiment to take the Lower Landing on the Mohawk so as to prevent supplies reaching Fort Stanwix. Bird's detachment was joined by Hare and a number of their Indigenous allies. Bird's party captured the landing on July 31, several hours after reinforcements, ammunition and stores had arrived and been transported to the fort.St. Leger arrived at Fort Stanwix with the main body of troops in the evening of August 2. Three days later he received word that a relief column of Tryon County militia and Oneida warriors were advancing up the Mohawk Valley under the command of Brigadier General Nicholas Herkimer. St. Leger dispatched an intercepting force that included the Mohawk under Joseph Brant, the Seneca under Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter, John Butler's Indian Department rangers, and a detachment of the Royal Yorkers under Captain Stephen Watts. Watts and Butler deferred to the Seneca chiefs who laid out an ambush at Oriskany, eight kilometres east of Fort Stanwix.
Nine days after the battle, John Butler described the events of the Battle of Oriskany in a letter to Governor Carleton:
At 10 o'clock next morning near the Oriskany field we heard the Rebels in full march with a convoy of 15 wagons of provisions and stores. We were immediately formed by the Seneca Chiefs who took the lead in this action, in concurrence with Sir John Johnson and myself. Sir John was posted on the road to give the enemy a volley as they advanced. Myself with the Indians and 20 Rangers were posted to flank them in the woods. This disposition was soon after a little altered by the Indians while the enemy were advancing, and when they were near enough threw in a heavy fire on the Rebels and made a shocking slaughter among them with their spears and hatchets. The Rebels, however, recovering themselves, fell back to a more advantageous ground and maintained a running fight for about an hour and a half. At length the Indians with a detachment of the Yorkers and Rangers, pursuing that blow utterly defeated them with the loss of 500 killed, wounded and taken. Many of the latter were conformibly to the Indian custom afterwards killed. Of the New Yorkers Captain McDonnell was killed, Captain Watts dangerously wounded and one subaltern; of the Rangers Captains Wilson and Hare killed and one private wounded. The Indians suffered much, having 33 killed and 29 wounded. The Senecas alone lost 17 men, among whom were several of their chief warriors and had 16 wounded. During the whole action the Indians showed the greatest zeal for His Majesty's cause and had they not been a little too precipitate, scarcely a Rebel of the party had escaped. Most of the leading Rebels are cut off in the action so that any further attempt from that quarter is not to be expected.John Hare's death during the Battle of Oriskany is recorded in several primary sources but details are lacking. How he died, however, can be inferred from the statement of Adam Miller, a soldier in the 3rd Regiment of New York Militia, collected by early American historian William Stone and later published in Richard Nelson Green's History of the Mohawk Valley. Miller stated that he was taken prisoner by John Hare soon after the death of his company commander, Captain John Davis. Colonel Bellinger of the 4th Regiment, seeing a soldier being dragged off, directed his men to fire at Miller's captors, which allowed the soldier to break free and presumably killed Hare.
St. Leger lifted the Siege of Fort Stanwix on August 22 upon receiving misleading intelligence that a substantial relief column commanded by Major General Benedict Arnold was quickly approaching.
Anger over the death of so many of the Tryon County militia resulted in significant persecution and harassment of the remaining Loyalist families in the Mohawk River valley. On August 25 the Tryon County Committee of Safety ordered the internment of several families including the wife and children of John Butler. While Margaret Hare was not confined, she "was plundered and robbed of almost all that she had, and has had many and difficult Struggles in maintaining her Family, in she suffered many hardships unknown to her before."
In an undated petition to the Committee, Margaret Hare and others requested relief or permission to "go to their husbands" and stated that they were, "reduced to the greatest distress imaginable and must inevitably suffer more and more without the Humane Interposition of this Honorable Board whose good Pleasure we find is to detain us here contrary to our Expectations."
In March 1780, Frederick Fisher and John Harper, Commissioners for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies in Tryon Country, provided New York Governor George Clinton with "a list of the families whose properties we have sold pursuant to a resolution of the Council of Safety, August 30th, 1777, and they have been detained ever since." Included on the list was the family of John Hare: Margaret and her children: William, Sarah, Catherine, Polly, and Elizabeth. Fisher and Harper asked that Clinton, "grant them liberty to go to Canada as we can assure Your Excellency they are in great distress." In his reply, Clinton expressed some surprise as he had been informed that the persons named had left Albany "some days past." Margaret and her daughters, however, were still at Johnstown in May 1780.
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| Soldier of the King's Royal Regiment of New York by Don Troiani |
The expedition departed from Fort Saint-Jean on the Richeleau River, crossed Lake Champlain to the vicinity of Crown Point, then marched overland to Johnstown. Near Johnstown, Johnson divided his forces. As the main body headed towards Caughnawaga, the Mohawk headed for the Mohawk River at Tribe's Hill then swept upriver, plundering and burning, before rendezvousing with Johnson.
From Caughnawaga, Johnson proceeded westwards several miles then turned back. After setting fire to every building in Caughnawaga except the church, Johnson headed for Johnson Hall.
Before he had fled to Canada in May 1776, Johnson had buried the family's silver service in the cellar of Johnson Hall. The barrels were exhumed and the silver distributed among 40 of the Royal Yorkers for safekeeping on the journey back to Fort Saint Jean.
Johnson's raid resulted in relatively few deaths among the inhabitants of the Mohawk Valley. The deaths that did occur appear to have been limited to adult males. 27 prisoners were taken, however, Johnson later released 14 of them.
The prisoners had their hands bound behind their
backs and were tied together in pairs. Among them was eighteen-year-old
Thomas Sammons whose father and two brothers were also prisoners.
Sammons later wrote that he managed to free himself when a few of the
Mohawk attempted to kill the prisoner he was tied to. In the confusion
Thomas escaped into the crowd of Loyalists who had gathered at Johnson
Hall. He was spotted by Margaret who presumably freed his hands and told him to
"not stir much" while she went to speak to Johnson. While he waited he
witnessed the distribution of the silver. When Margaret returned she led
Thomas away from Johnson Hall. Thomas pretended to be lame so when they
were challenged by a sentinel Thomas explained that Sir John had "sent
him back."
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| Edward Lamson Henry, Johnson Hall, 1772 |
Over 140 Loyalists including some women and children returned with Johnson to Fort Saint-Jean. With them were "about 30 Blacks male and female," many of who had been formerly enslaved by Johnson. Johnson reported to Haldimand that 120 houses, barns, and mills had been burnt along with "vast quantities of flour, bread, Indian corn, and other provisions." A large number of cattle had been slaughtered and about 70 horses taken.
John Hare's son William, who had recently turned 16, may have accompanied Johnson back to Canada. Instead of joining the Royal Yorkers, however, he travelled to Niagara to join Butler's Rangers as a volunteer. William Hare's uncle, Peter Hare, was a Captain in Butler's Rangers, while his cousin John was a Lieutenant. Margaret Hare and her daughters remained in Johnstown.
A second raid on the Mohawk Valley region in October 1780 bypassed Johnstown. Houses, barns, mills, and stores of grain and hay were burned as Johnson's column of Royal Yorkers, Butler's Rangers, regulars, Brant's Volunteers, and Haudenosaunee marched down the Schoharie Valley to the Mohawk, then headed west to destroy Stone Arabia. A force of Albany and Tryon County Militia under the command of General Robert Van Rensselaer engaged Johnson's men west of Stone Arabia at the inconclusive Battle of Klock's Field on October 19, 1780. Although 200 members of Butler's Rangers participated in the raid it seems unlikely that William Hare, 16 years old and newly recruited, was with them.
In a petition to Governor Haldimand dated August 29, 1782, Margaret wrote:
That your Petitioner endeavoured several time to extricate herself from their atrocious Cruelty by attempting to get to Canada, but was as often prevented by their unaccountable Procedure till at length, in last October, they made an act that the Loyalists should be sent off: accordingly your Petitioner came as far as Schenectady, where she was stopped, on account of Major Ross's being then in the Country, upon which she returned to Johnstown, in order to remain there till Spring, but would not be permitted to enter under a Roof there, as they knew that her Son, who is Volunteer in Col. Butler's Core, was with Major Ross, and as several of their People were killed in the Engagement which they had near Johnson Hall: There she was obliged to return to Schenectady where she remained till the latter end of Feby when she set off for Barmont [Vermont] State.In October 1781, Major John Ross, commanding the 2nd Battalion of the King's Royal Regiment of New York, led a raid on the Mohawk Valley that destroyed Warrensborough to the east of Fort Hunter before heading to Johnstown. With Ross were two companies of Butler's Rangers commanded by Captain Walter Butler and Captain Gilbert Tice. On October 25, 1781, Ross engaged several hundred Patriot militia commanded by Colonel Marinus Willett near Johnstown. Five days later, as Ross withdrew towards Oswego, a rear-guard action at West Canada Creek resulted in the death of Captain Butler.
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| Gravestone of Sarah Willard née Hare (1766-1846) Old Pawlet Cemetery, Pawlet, Rutland, Vermont |
In March 1782, William Hare was one of fifteen men "employed in His Majesty's Service" who petitioned Governor Haldimand and asked that provisions and clothing be sent under a flag of truce to Skenesborough. They noted that, "the number of Woman and children who are there amounts to above one hundred." The "distressed families" had been at Skenesborough at the extreme south end of Lake Champlain for a month and had been "ordered off their places for their Loyalty" following the Battle of Johnstown.
Margaret, Mary, Elizabeth, and Catherine finally reached Montreal in June 1782 after receiving financial help from Colonel St. Leger at Fort Saint-Jean. Sarah, however, was not with them as she had been courted by and had married Joseph Willard of Pawlett, Vermont.
In Pawlet for One Hundred Years, Heil Hollister wrote that "the singularity of the marriage of Joseph [and Sarah] may be considered worthy of record." According to Hollister, Margaret and her children while fleeing to Canada were forced to stay at Joseph's father tavern in Pawlet due to a sudden thaw. An "attachment" developed between Joseph and Sarah and "her parent was induced to stay to see how it would end: which was by marriage in her 17th year."
Hollister then proceeds to give a fanciful account of the Siege of Fort Stanwix and John Hare's death:
A man named Davis who had married Capt. Hare's sister, was a captain in the American service. Accidentally they met upon this occasion. Each demanded of the other a surrender, which each denied. Each fired upon the other, when both fell at the same instant, mortally wounded at each other's feet.
Hollister's account is in stark contrast to other accounts of the death of Captain John Davis at the Battle of Oriskany, notably that provided by Jeptha Root Simms in the Frontiersmen of New York. John Davis was not the brother-in-law of John Hare, as Davis married Jannetje Veeder at Stone Arabia in 1763 and his youngest daughter was born posthumously.
Hollister also mistakenly claimed that Hare was a captain in Butler's Rangers and that John Butler was in command at the Siege of Fort Stanwix. But while Hollister got many of his facts wrong, Sarah Hare did marry Joseph Willard at Pawlett on April 3, 1782. She remained at Pawlett until her death in 1846 and was buried in the Old Pawlett Cemetery.
In her petition to Governor Haldimand, Margaret hoped "that her fatherless Children will not be without a paternal Patron." According to her daughter Elizabeth's 1795 Upper Canada Land Petition, Margaret was granted a pension of £40 per yer. In an April 1783 letter to Robert Matthews, Haldimand's military secretary, Abraham Cuyler wrote that the pension had not started as proposed "24 June last" and that Margaret "is really an object of pity." Margaret had petitioned Cuyler, a former mayor of Albany who had responsibility for "unincorporated Loyalists," the previous November.
Margaret and her three daughters appear on the various Lists of Refugees at Montreal in 1783 and 1784. They remained at Montreal until September 1784, and were then reunited with William at Niagara.
In the summer of 1781, William was recommended for a commission as a second lieutenant, however, his commission was deferred, because he had been "not behaving well on Capt Caldwell's expedition." The following June, William was once again recommended for promotion, but although "his behaviour since then has reinstated him," Haldimand felt that "it would be best for him to remain a Volunteer some time longer."
Caldwell's expedition refers to the August 12, 1781 raid on Wawarsing, led by Captain William Caldwell, a company commander in Butler's Rangers. A force of 250 Seneca and 87 Rangers burned mills, storehouses and barns at Warwarsing and Napanoch in Ulster County, New York. In his report to Brigadier General Powell, commanding officer at Niagara, Caldwell wrote," I had the good fortune not to have a Ranger killed or wounded during our operations in those settlements" but added, "It is almost impossible to describe the situation of the party at present, worn out with hunger and fatigue."
William appears on the Niagara Returns for 1783 and 1784. The 1785 Niagara Provisioning List shows that William's mother and three sisters had joined him at Niagara, however, the 1786 Niagara Provisioning List shows one fewer girl as Catherine had died sometime in the previous 12 months.
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| Detail from the 1862 Tremaine's Map of Lincoln & Welland Counties. The village of Bridgeport (Jordan Station) occupies land assigned to Margaret Hare. |
Margaret was assigned two lots in Louth Township on the east side of 20 Mile Creek where it flows into Lake Ontario.[3] When Margaret died, one lot went to Elizabeth while the other went to Mary. Elizabeth's lot would eventually became the property of her son, James William Osgood Clark.
Margaret's claim for Revolutionary War losses was heard by the Commissioners of Claims at Niagara on August 25, 1787. Although Margaret asked for £234, the commissioners only awarded her £50 as they felt the amounts given for some of the losses were "greatly over-valued."
Margaret died sometime after 10 Aug 1790 when she made oath that she had been legally married to John Hare. Elizabeth's 1795 Upper Canada Land Petition refers to the death of Margaret "a few years ago." William's petition the same year refers to his "late mother."
In April 1793, William, Mary, Sarah and Elizabeth successfully petitioned for the 3000 acres that their father, had he lived, would have been entitled to as a Captain in the Indian Department.
William married Margaret Howe about 1794 and their first child, John, was born about 1796. They had at least seven more children, as eight children were later granted land as the son or daughter of a United Empire Loyalist. In 1808 William moved west to the Dundas Valley after purchasing land in the 1st Concession of West Flamborough from the original patentee Anne Morden.
When William and Margaret died from cholera in 1832 they were buried somewhere on their property, but were reinterred at Grove Cemetery in 1852. Their property, known as the Morden-Hare site, was the subject of archaeological excavations in 2018 and 2109 that uncovered thousands of 18th and 19th century artifacts.
Mary married Benjamin Fairchild (1765-1838) about 1791. Their first child, Margaret, was baptised on March 6, 1794. Family tradition holds that Benjamin was the son of Benjamin Fairchild and Millicent Hall, and had been taken captive by the Mohawk during the Revolutionary War. With his brother Isaac, he afterwards established a trading post first at the mouth of the Credit River and later on Fairchild Creek, a tributary of the Grand River. Benjamin was appointed a Lieutenant and Interpreter in the Indian Department of Upper Canada on November 13, 1812.
Elizabeth married James Clark on August 29, 1795 in Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake). James, the son of James Clark and Jemima Mason, was a merchant, lawyer, and office holder. His father had been born in Somerset, England and had come to Quebec in May 1768 with the 8th Regiment of Foot. In 1793, James was appointed Clerk of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada. When the government of Upper Canada moved from Newark to York (Toronto) in 1797, Elizabeth and James moved as well. Elizabeth died in October 1806, seven months after the death of her seven-year-old daughter Elizabeth.
With Margaret's petition to Abraham Cuyler was a certificate signed by Barry St. Leger, John Johnson, Guy Johnson,[4] and Daniel Claus. Their words make a fitting epitaph: "We knew the late Captain John Hare to be a zealous and loyal subject, and a brave and useful officer."
Notes:
1. John Hare is referred to as "Captain Hare" in some primary sources and "Lieutenant Hare" in others. Pay lists for the Indian Department show that John was paid as a Lieutenant from May 19, 1776 until his death. In her petition to Governor Haldimand dated August 29, 1782, Margaret Hare states that Col. St. Leger had appointed John "a Capt. in the Indian Department at Carleton Island, on his way to Fort Stanwix, but understands he was returned by Col. Butler only as Lieut till his Death."
2. Lieutenant General Sir Frederick Haldimand (1718-1791) replaced Sir Guy Carleton as Governor of the Province of Quebec in 1778.
3. Lot 17 Concession 1 and Lot 17 Concession 2 with their broken fronts.
4. Guy Johnson, a cousin of Sir John Johnson, was Superintendent of the Indian Department from 1774 until 1782.
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